Access to natural resources that form an (often vital) input for industrial processes is critical to global social and economic development. Such natural resources can be exhaustible, renewable or both. Resources like oil, gas, coal, iron and so-called rare earths may be available solely in select States and not all States with reserves of these resources may be willing to extract them and have the extracted product traded freely and with other States. Many of the most critical natural resources are found and extracted in the territory of States that are developing countries and becoming new industrial powers, faced with a growing economy requiring the input of these resources as well as their trading partners' high demand for them. Due to the scarcity of some of these resources, supplies have become tight, prices have soared, steeper taxes are imposed, and some States apply export measures (in the form of export quotas and bans, as well as minimum export prices), and restrictions on extraction and consumption. This presentation will focus on the current state of WTO law in this field.